Masting promotes transformation from predation to mutualism in an oak-weevil-rodent system.

The significance of ecological non-monotonicity (a function whose first derivative changes signs) in shaping the structure and functions of the ecosystem has recently been recognized, but such studies involving high-order interactions are rare. Here, we have proposed a three-trophic conceptual diagram on interactions among trees, rodents, and insects in mast and non-mast years and tested the hypothesis that oak (Quercus wutaishanica) masting could result in increased mutualism and less predation in an oak-weevil-rodent system in a warm temperate forest of China. Our 14-year dataset revealed that mast years coincided with a relatively low rodent abundance but a high weevil abundance. Masting not only benefited seedling recruitment of oaks through increased dispersal by rodents but also a decrease in predation by rodents and weevils, as well as an increase in the overwintering survival of rodents. Masting appeared to have increased weevil survival by reducing predation of infested acorns by rodents. These results suggest that masting benefits all participants in the plant-insect-rodent system by increasing mutualism and reducing predation behavior (i.e., a non-monotonic function). Our study highlights the significance of masting in maintaining the diversity and function of the forest ecosystem by facilitating the transformation from predation to mutualism among trophic species.

Does the opening of producer services promote the wage growth of the downstream manufacturing industry?-Empirical evidence from Chinese manufacturing listed companies.

Based on the vertical connection between upstream and downstream industries, a unique theoretical model is constructed to analyse the impact mechanism of the opening of producer services on downstream manufacturing wage growth. The empirical tests are carried out using the data of China's manufacturing listed companies from 1999 to 2020. Our findings indicate that the opening of producer services has an inverted-U-shaped impact on downstream manufacturing wage growth, and the average level of the opening of producer services in the sample period is lower than the corresponding threshold. Overall, it is in the stage of promoting the wage growth of the downstream manufacturing industry. The opening of producer services mainly affects the wage growth of the downstream manufacturing industry through two channels: labour productivity and labour income share. The results of heterogeneity analysis show that the wages of capital and technology-intensive and low-competitive manufacturing industries are relatively strongly promoted by the opening of producer services. Therefore, promoting the orderly opening of producer services and strengthening the technological links between industries will help promote the wage growth of downstream manufacturing industries.

IL6/adiponectin/HMGB1 feedback loop mediates adipocyte and macrophage crosstalk and M2 polarization after myocardial infarction.

Background: Differences in border zone contribute to different outcomes post-infarction, such as left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) and myocardial infarction (MI). LVA usually forms within 24 h of the onset of MI and may cause heart rupture; however, LVA surgery is best performed 3 months after MI. Few studies have investigated the LVA model, the differences in border zones between LVA and MI, and the mechanism in the border zone. Methods: The LVA, MI, and SHAM mouse models were used. Echocardiography, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunofluorescence staining were performed, and RNA sequencing of the border zone was conducted. The adipocyte-conditioned medium-treated hypoxic macrophage cell line and LVA and MI mouse models were employed to determine the effects of the hub gene, adiponectin (ADPN), on macrophages. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blot analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were conducted to elucidate the mechanism in the border zone. Human subepicardial adipose tissue and blood samples were collected to validate the effects of ADPN. Results: A novel, simple, consistent, and low-cost LVA mouse model was constructed. LVA caused a greater reduction in contractile functions than MI owing to reduced wall thickness and edema in the border zone. ADPN impeded cardiac edema and promoted lymphangiogenesis by increasing macrophage infiltration post-infarction. Adipocyte-derived ADPN promoted M2 polarization and sustained mitochondrial quality via the ADPN/AdipoR2/HMGB1 axis. Mechanistically, ADPN impeded macrophage HMGB1 inflammation and decreased interleukin-6 (IL6) and HMGB1 secretion. The secretion of IL6 and HMGB1 increased ADPN expression via STAT3 and the co-transcription factor, YAP, in adipocytes. Based on ChIP and Dual-Glo luciferase experiments, STAT3 promoted ADPN transcription by binding to its promoter in adipocytes. In vivo, ADPN promoted lymphangiogenesis and decreased myocardial injury after MI. These phenotypes were rescued by macrophage depletion or HMGB1 knockdown in macrophages. Supplying adipocytes overexpressing STAT3 decreased collagen disposition, increased lymphangiogenesis, and impaired myocardial injury. However, these effects were rescued after HMGB1 knockdown in macrophages. Overall, the IL6/ADPN/HMGB1 axis was validated using human subepicardial tissue and blood samples. This axis could serve as an independent factor in overweight MI patients who need coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) treatment. Conclusion: The IL6/ADPN/HMGB1 loop between adipocytes and macrophages in the border zone contributes to different clinical outcomes post-infarction. Thus, targeting the IL6/ADPN/HMGB1 loop may be a novel therapeutic approach for cardiac lymphatic regulation and reduction of cell senescence post-infarction.

Enhancing Ionic Conductivity and Electrochemical Stability of Li3PS4 via Zn, F Co-Doping for All-Solid-State Li-S Batteries.

Sulfide solid-state electrolytes have garnered considerable attention owing to their notable ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. However, achieving an electrolyte characterized by both high ionic conductivity and a stable interface between the electrode and electrolyte remains challenging, impeding its widespread application. In this work, we present a novel sulfide solid-state electrolyte, Li3.04P0.96Zn0.04S3.92F0.08, prepared through a solid-phase reaction, and explore its usage in all-solid-state lithium sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs). The findings reveal that the Zn, F co-doped solid-state electrolyte exhibits an ionic conductivity of 1.23 × 10-3 S cm-1 and a low activation energy (Ea) of 9.8 kJ mol-1 at room temperature, illustrating the aliovalent co-doping's facilitation of Li-ion migration. Furthermore, benefiting from the formation of a LiF-rich interfacial layer between the electrolyte and the Li metal anode, the Li/Li3.04P0.96Zn0.04S3.92F0.08/Li symmetrical cell exhibits critical current densities (CCDs) of up to 1 mA cm-2 and maintains excellent cycling stability. Finally, the assembled ASSLSBs exhibit an initial discharge capacity of 1295.7 mAh g-1 at a rate of 0.05 C and at room temperature. The cell maintains a capacity retention of 70.5% for more than 600 cycles at a high rate of 2 C, representing a substantial improvement compared to the cell with Li3PS4. This work provides a new idea for the design of solid-state electrolytes and ASSLSBs.

A Chinese classical prescription Xuefu Zhuyu decoction in the treatment of coronary heart disease: An overview.

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is a hot topic in cardiovascular disease research. Western medicine treats CHD with stent implantation, anti-angina pectoris, anti-platelet aggregation and other operations or drugs. According to the whole concept and the characteristics of syndrome differentiation, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treats CHD according to different syndromes and points out that qi deficiency and blood stasis are the basic pathogenesis of CHD. Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction (XFZYD), as a classic prescription of TCM, has certain value in the treatment of CHD, with the effects of promoting qi, activating blood circulation, dredging collaterals and relieving pain. In addition, it also exhibits advantages in high efficiency, low toxicity, high cost performance, few side effects, and high patient acceptance. Objective: The therapeutic effect and mechanism of XFZYD in the treatment of CHD were searched by literature search, and the components and targets of XFZYD in the treatment of CHD were analyzed by computer simulation technology for molecular docking, providing theoretical basis for clinical treatment of CHD. Method: This study comprehensively searched CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, Pubmed, Embase, Web of science and other databases, included clinical studies with efficacy evaluation indicators in hospitals according to randomization, and excluded literatures with low quality and no efficacy evaluation indicators. Clinical cases and studies, molecular mechanisms and pharmacological effects of XFZYD in the treatment of CHD were searched, and the effective ingredients and core targets of XFZYD in the treatment of CHD were docked through molecular docking, providing theoretical support for clinical treatment of CHD. Results and Conclusion: Through this study, we found that XFZYD has a significant therapeutic effect in the clinical treatment of coronary heart disease, which can play a role in the treatment of CHD by inhibiting atherosclerosis, inhibiting cardiovascular remodeling, improving oxidative stress damage, improving hemorheology, improving myocardial fibrosis and other mechanisms. Through computer simulation, it was found that the main effective components of XFZYD treatment for CHD were quercetin, kaempferol and luteolin, and the key core targets were IL6, VEGFA and P53, and each component had a high VEGFA libdock score. It is speculated that VEGFA is the key target of XFZYD in the treatment of CHD. Kaempferol and VEGFA had the highest libdock score. kaempferol and IL6 have the highest number of hydrogen bonds, kaempferol and IL6 have the highest number of hydrogen bonds, which indicates that they are most stable, indicating that kaempferol is the key component of XFZYD in the treatment of CHD, which provides a theoretical basis for follow-up experimental research.

Integration of network pharmacology and experimental verifications reveals the Bian-Se-Tong mixture can alleviate constipation in STC rats by reducing apoptosis of Cajal cells via activating PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Bian-Se-Tong mixture (BSTM) is an optimized formulation based on the classical prescription "Zhizhu pill", which is widely used in the clinical treatment of slow-transit constipation (STC). The potential molecular mechanism of BSTM therapy for STC was investigated by network pharmacology prediction combined with animal experiments. The active components of BSTM were screened via the TCMSP platform. The GeneCards, OMIM and DrugBank databases were used to search for STC targets. With the help of the Biogenet tool, a protein interaction network between drugs and disease targets was constructed, and the intersection network of the two was extracted to obtain the key targets of BSTM in the treatment of STC. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of key targets were carried out with Metascape. Loperamide hydrochloride was used to establish an STC rat model, and the key targets and related pathways were preliminarily verified. The important signaling pathways included the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, IL-17, cAMP, and cell cycle signaling pathways. The experimental results showed that BSTM treatment increased the body weight of STC rats and increased the fecal particle number, fecal water content and intestinal carbon ink promotion rate within 24 h. Further pathological changes in the colon of the rats were also observed. In-depth mechanistic studies have shown that BSTM can significantly reduce the apoptosis of intestinal Cajal cells, downregulate the expression of Bax and c-Caspase 3, upregulate the expression of Bcl-2 and c-kit, and promote the phosphorylation of AKT. The results showed that BSTM can significantly relieve constipation in STC rats via a mechanism related to activating the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and improving Cajal cell apoptosis.

Re-tear after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair can be predicted using deep learning algorithm.

The application of artificial intelligence technology in the medical field has become increasingly prevalent, yet there remains significant room for exploration in its deep implementation. Within the field of orthopedics, which integrates closely with AI due to its extensive data requirements, rotator cuff injuries are a commonly encountered condition in joint motion. One of the most severe complications following rotator cuff repair surgery is the recurrence of tears, which has a significant impact on both patients and healthcare professionals. To address this issue, we utilized the innovative EV-GCN algorithm to train a predictive model. We collected medical records of 1,631 patients who underwent rotator cuff repair surgery at a single center over a span of 5 years. In the end, our model successfully predicted postoperative re-tear before the surgery using 62 preoperative variables with an accuracy of 96.93%, and achieved an accuracy of 79.55% on an independent external dataset of 518 cases from other centers. This model outperforms human doctors in predicting outcomes with high accuracy. Through this methodology and research, our aim is to utilize preoperative prediction models to assist in making informed medical decisions during and after surgery, leading to improved treatment effectiveness. This research method and strategy can be applied to other medical fields, and the research findings can assist in making healthcare decisions.

Dipole Moment and Built-In Polarization Electric Field Induced by Oxygen Vacancies in BiOX for Boosting Piezoelectric-Photocatalytic Removal of Uranium(VI).

Piezoelectric-photocatalysis is distinguished by its piezoelectricity as an external force that induces deformation within the catalyst to engender a polarized electric field compared to conventional photocatalysis. Herein, the piezoelectric photocatalyst BiOBr has been expertly synthesized via a plasma process and applied for piezoelectric-photocatalysis removal of uranium(VI) for the first time. The abundant surface oxygen vacancies (OVs) could induce a dipole moment and built-in electric field, which endows BiOBr with excellent separation and transport efficiency of photogenerated charges to actuate more charges to participate in the piezoelectric-photocatalytic reduction process. Consequently, under visible light and ultrasound (150 W and 40 kHz), the removal rate constant of OVs-BiOBr-30 (0.0306 min-1) was 2.4, 30.6, and 6 times higher than those of BiOBr (0.01273 min-1), ultrasound, or photocatalysis, respectively. The piezoelectric-photocatalytic synergy is also universal for BiOX (X = Cl, Br, or I) to accelerate the reduction rate of uranium(VI). This work highlights the role of piezoelectric-photocatalysis in the treatment of uranium-containing wastewater, which is of great significance for resource conservation and environmental remediation.

Wheat powdery mildew resistance gene Pm13 encodes a mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein.

Wheat powdery mildew is one of the most destructive diseases threatening global wheat production. The wild relatives of wheat constitute rich sources of diversity for powdery mildew resistance. Here, we report the map-based cloning of the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm13 from the wild wheat species Aegilops longissima. Pm13 encodes a mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein that contains an N-terminal-domain of MLKL (MLKL_NTD) domain in its N-terminus and a C-terminal serine/threonine kinase (STK) domain. The resistance function of Pm13 is validated by mutagenesis, gene silencing, transgenic assay, and allelic association analyses. The development of introgression lines with significantly reduced chromosome segments of Ae. longissima encompassing Pm13 enables widespread deployment of this gene into wheat cultivars. The cloning of Pm13 may provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying Pm13-mediated powdery mildew resistance and highlight the important roles of kinase fusion proteins (KFPs) in wheat immunity.

Phosphorylated hollow carbon-based material derived from ZIF-8 and its U(VI) adsorptive performance.

Inspired by its large specific surface area, and tunable chemical and physical properties, a hollow carbon-based mater8ial derived from ZIF-8 with phosphate groups (HCM-PO4) was prepared for the elimination of U(VI). The structural and surface features of HCM and HCM-PO4 were thoroughly examined using techniques such as SEM, TEM, and XRD. The resulting carbon material, HCM-PO4, exhibits a higher BET surface area of 571.2 m2·g-1, featuring a hollow structure. The removal procedure of HCM-PO4 for U(VI) aligns with the quasi-secondary kinetic model. Furthermore, the theoretical sorption capacity of HCM-PO4 was found to be 482.30 mg·g-1 at 298.15 K. The results obtained from XPS, FT-IR, and EDS analysis of HCM-PO4 after adsorption revealed the coordination of the phosphate group for U(VI), contributing significantly to the adsorption process. In brief, the HCM-PO4 demonstrates excellent adsorptive ability, positioning it as a hopeful expectant to remove U(VI) from wastewater.

Arsenic pollution concerning surface water and sediment of Jie River: A pilot area where gold smelting enterprises are concentrated.

A comprehensive monitoring and risk assessment of arsenic (As) pollution concerning surface water and sediment is performed in the Jie River basin, where gold smelting enterprises are concentrated. The study area is divide into six regions, labeled as A, B, C, D, E, and F, from sewage outlets to downstream. Results shows that with far away from the sewage outlets, the total As concentrations in water and sediment gradually decrease from regions A to F. However, in region F, the concentration of bioavailable As significantly increases in the sediment due to the higher pH, leading to the transformation of As(V) into more mobile As(III). In sediment, Paracladius sp. exhibits strong resistance to As pollution in sediment, which can potentially elevate the risk of disease transmission. In water bodies, diatoms and euglena are the main phytoplankton in the Jie River while toxic cyanobacteria exhibits lower resistance to As pollution. Overall, measures should be taken to ecologically remediate the sediment in downstream while implementing appropriate isolation methods to prevent the spread of highly contaminated sediments from regions near sewage outlets.

High diversity, close genetic relatedness, and favorable living conditions benefit species co-occurrence of gut microbiota in Brandt's vole.

Introduction: Revealing factors and mechanisms in determining species co-existence are crucial to community ecology, but studies using gut microbiota data are still lacking. Methods: Using gut microbiota data of 556 Brandt's voles from 37 treatments in eight experiments, we examined the relationship of species co-occurrence of gut microbiota in Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) with genetic distance (or genetic relatedness), community diversity, and several environmental variables. Results: We found that the species co-occurrence index (a larger index indicates a higher co-occurrence probability) of gut microbiota in Brandt's voles was negatively associated with the genetic distance between paired ASVs and the number of cohabitating voles in the experimental space (a larger number represents more crowding social stress), but positively with Shannon diversity index, grass diets (representing natural foods), and non-physical contact within an experimental space (representing less stress). Discussion: Our study demonstrated that high diversity, close genetic relatedness, and favorable living conditions would benefit species co-occurrence of gut microbiota in hosts. Our results provide novel insights into factors and mechanisms that shape the community structure and function of gut microbiota and highlight the significance of preserving the biodiversity of gut microbiota.

In Situ Oral Metabolism Analysis of Astringent Compounds in Tea by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry, Electrospray Mass Spectrometry, Turbidimetry, and Sensory Evaluation.

The phenolic compounds (PCs) are the primary components responsible for the astringency of tea infusions, and this astringency is intricately linked to the in situ oral metabolism of PCs in saliva. Initially, a total of 54 PCs were identified in tea infusions by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Subsequently, an in vivo metabolism analysis of PCs during varying drinking times and oral locations was conducted by both paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) and sensory evaluation. The metabolism of PCs within oral saliva was a prolonged process, the residual PCs were distributed across diverse oral regions after drinking tea infusion, and the higher residual PC content reflected the stronger astringency intensity. Furthermore, an in vitro metabolism analysis of PCs under varied reaction temperatures and durations was performed by ESI-MS and turbidimetry. As the reaction time extended, more PCs in tea was interacting with saliva. Moreover, the higher temperatures facilitated this interaction between PCs and saliva. Therefore, this investigation establishes a foundation for further elucidating the mechanisms underlying astringency formation.

Cytisine: State of the art in pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetics.

Cytisine is a naturally occurring bioactive compound, an alkaloid mainly isolated from legume plants. In recent years, various biological activities of cytisine have been explored, showing certain effects in smoking cessation, reducing drinking behavior, anti-tumor, cardiovascular protection, blood sugar regulation, neuroprotection, osteoporosis prevention and treatment, etc. At the same time, cytisine has the advantages of high efficiency, safety, and low cost, has broad development prospects, and is a drug of great application value. However, a summary of cytisine's biological activities is currently lacking. Therefore, this paper summarizes the pharmacological action, mechanism, and pharmacokinetics of cytisine by referring to numerous databases, and analyzes the new and core targets of cytisine with the help of computer simulation technology, to provide reference for doctors.

Therapeutic importance and diagnostic function of circRNAs in urological cancers: from metastasis to drug resistance.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a member of non-coding RNAs with no ability in encoding proteins and their aberrant dysregulation is observed in cancers. Their closed-loop structure has increased their stability, and they are reliable biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Urological cancers have been responsible for high mortality and morbidity worldwide, and developing new strategies in their treatment, especially based on gene therapy, is of importance since these malignant diseases do not respond to conventional therapies. In the current review, three important aims are followed. At the first step, the role of circRNAs in increasing or decreasing the progression of urological cancers is discussed, and the double-edged sword function of them is also highlighted. At the second step, the interaction of circRNAs with molecular targets responsible for urological cancer progression is discussed, and their impact on molecular processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, EMT, and MMPs is highlighted. Finally, the use of circRNAs as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of urological cancer patients is discussed to translate current findings in the clinic for better treatment of patients. Furthermore, since circRNAs can be transferred to tumor via exosomes and the interactions in tumor microenvironment provided by exosomes such as between macrophages and cancer cells is of importance in cancer progression, a separate section has been devoted to the role of exosomal circRNAs in urological tumors.

A framework for Frizzled-G protein coupling and implications to the PCP signaling pathways.

The ten Frizzled receptors (FZDs) are essential in Wnt signaling and play important roles in embryonic development and tumorigenesis. Among these, FZD6 is closely associated with lens development. Understanding FZD activation mechanism is key to unlock these emerging targets. Here we present the cryo-EM structures of FZD6 and FZD3 which are known to relay non-canonical planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathways as well as FZD1 in their G protein-coupled states and in the apo inactive states, respectively. Comparison of the three inactive/active pairs unveiled a shared activation framework among all ten FZDs. Mutagenesis along with imaging and functional analysis on the human lens epithelial tissues suggested potential crosstalk between the G-protein coupling of FZD6 and the PCP signaling pathways. Together, this study provides an integrated understanding of FZD structure and function, and lays the foundation for developing therapeutic modulators to activate or inhibit FZD signaling for a range of disorders including cancers and cataracts.

Antifertility effects of EP-1 (quinestrol and levonorgestrel) on Pacific rats (Rattus exulans).

Pest rodents pose a serious threat to island biodiversity. Fertility control could be an alternative approach to control the impact of rodents on these islands. In this study, we examined the antifertility effects of EP-1 baits containing quinestrol (E) and levonorgestrel (P) using a dose of 50 ppm E and P at three different ratios (E:P ratio = 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1) on Pacific rats (Rattus exulans) in the Xisha Islands, Hainan, China. Compared to the control group, all animals in EP-1 treatment groups showed significantly decreased food intake and body weight. In treated males, there were obvious abnormalities in testis structure and a significant decrease of relative seminal vesicle weight, but no significant effect on relative uterine and ovarian weights (g kg-1 body weight), or ovarian structure in females. Adding 8% sucrose to the original 50-ppm baits (E:P ratio = 1:1) significantly increased bait palatability for males and females. This dose induced uterine edema and abnormalities of ovarian structure in females but had no significant negative effect on the relative testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicle weights (g kg-1 body weight) or sperm density in males. In summary, 50-ppm EP-1 (1:1) baits have the potential to disrupt the fertility of females, and 8% sucrose addition to the EP-1 baits (E:P ratio = 1:1) could improve bait palatability. This dose disrupted the testis structure in males. Future studies are needed to improve bait acceptance and assess the antifertility effects of EP-1 (1:1) on Pacific rats in captive breeding trials and under field conditions.

Evolutionary trajectory of organelle-derived nuclear DNAs in the Triticum/Aegilops complex species.

Organelle-derived nuclear DNAs, nuclear plastid DNAs (NUPTs), and nuclear mitochondrial DNAs (NUMTs) have been identified in plants. Most, if not all, genes residing in NUPTs/NUMTs (NUPGs/NUMGs) are known to be inactivated and pseudogenized. However, the role of epigenetic control in silencing NUPGs/NUMGs and the dynamic evolution of NUPTs/NUMTs with respect to organismal phylogeny remain barely explored. Based on the available nuclear and organellar genomic resources of wheat (genus Triticum) and goat grass (genus Aegilops) within Triticum/Aegilops complex species, we investigated the evolutionary fates of NUPTs/NUMTs in terms of their epigenetic silencing and their dynamic occurrence rates in the nuclear diploid genomes and allopolyploid subgenomes. NUPTs and NUMTs possessed similar genomic atlas, including (i) predominantly located in intergenic regions and preferential integration to gene regulation regions and (ii) generating sequence variations in the nuclear genome. Unlike nuclear indigenous genes, the alien NUPGs/NUMGs were associated with repressive epigenetic signals, namely high levels of DNA methylation and low levels of active histone modifications. Phylogenomic analyses suggested that the species-specific and gradual accumulation of NUPTs/NUMTs accompanied the speciation processes. Moreover, based on further pan-genomic analyses, we found significant subgenomic asymmetry in the NUPT/NUMT occurrence, which accumulated during allopolyploid wheat evolution. Our findings provide insight into the dynamic evolutionary fates of organelle-derived nuclear DNA in plants.

The combined effect of bromadiolone and ivermectin (iBr) in controlling both rodents and their fleas.

Rodent pests not only cause severe agricultural loss but also spread zoonotic pathogens to human beings. Anticoagulant rodenticides are widely used to decrease the population densities of rodents but often lead to the spillover of ectoparasites because fleas and ticks may gather on surviving rodents. Therefore, it is necessary to kill fleas and ticks before culling rodents to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission. In this study, we used a mixture of ivermectin (an antiparasitic drug) and bromadiolone (an anticoagulant rodenticide) to control both rodent and flea/tick abundances. We found that in a laboratory test, 0.01% ivermectin bait was not lethal for greater long-tailed hamsters after 7 days of treatment, while 0.1% ivermectin bait was lethal for approximately 33% of treated rodents. In a field test, bait containing 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, and 0.05% ivermectin decreased the number of fleas per vole of Brandt's voles to 0.42, 0.22, 0.12, and 0.2, respectively, compared with 0.77 in the control group, indicating that 0.01% ivermectin bait performed best in removing fleas. In another laboratory test, bait containing a 0.01% ivermectin and 0.005% bromadiolone mixture caused the death of all voles within 6-14 days after the intake of the bait. In the field test, the bait containing 0.01% ivermectin and 0.005% bromadiolone reduced the average number of fleas per vole to 0.35, which was significantly lower than the 0.77 of the control group. Our results indicate that a 0.01% ivermectin and 0.005% bromadiolone mixture could be used to control both rodents and fleas to minimize the spillover risk of disease transmission when using traditional rodenticides.